Clinical Optometry

Glaucoma is not a single disease process but a group of disorders characterized by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in a characteristic appearance of the optic disc and a specific…

Strabismus is misalignment of the eyes such that both eyes are not simultaneously directed at the same object. Esotropia: Esotropia is a type of strabismus characterized by an inward deviation…

INTRODUCTION: A vitrectomy is a type of eye surgery to treat various problems with the retina and vitreous. During the surgery, removes the vitreous and replaces it with another solution. The vitreous…

Conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane which lines  the posterior surface of the eyelids and anterior aspect of the eyeball. The name of conjunctiva has been given to this mucous…

Esotropia is the term used to describe any manifest convergent of the visual axes in which the amount of deviation in the squinting eye remains constant in all the directions…

Vertical Strabismus refers to a vertical misalignment of the visual axes of the two eyes in the vertical direction in any of the nine cardinal positions of gaze. Vertical Strabismus…

Exophoria is a condition in which your eyes drift outward out of your control. It usually appears for a short time while you’re doing certain types of tasks. It’s not…

Hyperphoria is an eye condition where the eye points upwards, but not permanently. It usually occurs when the child is tired, stressed, or has an onset of illness. In the…

What is Phoria? Phoria is a misalignment of the eyes that only appears when binocular viewing is broken and the two eyes are no longer looking at the same object. A…

A. DEPENDING UPON CONSTANCY OF DEVIATION 1. Hyperphoria:- Hyperphoria is a tendency of the eyeball to deviate upwards, while hypophoria is a tendency to deviate downwards. However, in practice, it's…