Clinical Optometry

The value of tear flude of preserving a clear cornea has been understood sinces ages. The fact that the blinking action of lids was esentioal foe spreading the tears and…

Watering of the eye is an protective mechanism that kicks in when your eyes dry. Your dry eyes sends message to the brain the brain responds flooding the tears under…

Wolff was the first to describe the structure of the fluid covering the cornea and called it as precorneal film. He described that the tear fim consist of three layers,which…

The conjunctiva contains two types of Glands: The mucin secretary glands ( goblet cells, crypts of Henle, glands of Manz ) and the accessory lacrimal glands ( glands of Krause…

Tear film Dynamics is a complex process controlled by the various factors, main and accessory lacrimal glands, ocular surface structure (cornea, conjunctiva ,eyelids with meibomian gland) and interconnecting nerves (both…

DRY EYE SYNDROME – A dry eye syndrome is said   to exist when n the quantity or the quality of the precorneal tear film is insufficient to ensure the well…

CONGENITAL OR INFANTILE GLAUCOMA:- Medications are not very effective and so treatment of congenital glaucoma is primary surgical. However, IOP must be lowered by medical treatment with hyperosmotic agents, carbonic…

THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS: The lacrimal apparatus comprises the structures concerned with the formation of tears (the main lacrimal gland and accessory lacrimal glands) and its transport . The lacrimal passage…

Conjunctiva is a thin transparent mucous membrane, which lines the posterior surface of the eyelids and anterior surface of eyeball. Conjunctiva is composed of non-keratinized , stratified squamous epithelium with…