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INTRODUCTION:- Exodeviation that develops iatrogenically after esotropia surgery is called consecutive exotropia. This deviation occurs according to Von Noorden between 2% - 8%. While other studies found an incidence ranged…

What is strabismus ? Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object . This condition may be present…

INTRODUCTION When visual function develops normally, individual posses a binocular single vision, means a point-to-point normal correspondence of two retinae. But in strabismus, the alignment of the corresponding retinal point…

Accommodation is the ability of an eye to focus at a different distance by changing shape and size of an object. It is controlled by parasympathetic nervous system The stimulus…

Accommodation :- Normal (emmetropic eye – when parallel rays coming from infinity are focused light sensitive layer of retina with the accommodation being at rest , this state is called…

What is accommodation? Accommodation is defined as the ability to increase the dioptric power of lens by increasing its convexity to focus the diverging rays of light coming from a…

Divergence paralysis or simple stated as paralysis of divergence is demonstrated as the condition by which the distant objects appear to be double. The aspect of diplopia, which is entirely…

What is Divergence ? Divergence is the opposite of convergence and is the ability to turn the two eyes outwards to look at a distant object.  [Convergence is the ability…

Exotropia is a manifest divergent squint, refers to an eye that turns or diverge outwards, while the other eye fixates. It is the opposite of esotropia and usually involves more…

Abstract Convergence spasm (CS) is a rare disorder characterized by an involuntary state of convergence, miosis, and accomodation secondary to disconjugate gaze. It is a condition that occurs in younger…