Clinical Optometry

Conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane which lines  the posterior surface of the eyelids and anterior aspect of the eyeball. The name of conjunctiva has been given to this mucous…

Esotropia is the term used to describe any manifest convergent of the visual axes in which the amount of deviation in the squinting eye remains constant in all the directions…

Vertical Strabismus refers to a vertical misalignment of the visual axes of the two eyes in the vertical direction in any of the nine cardinal positions of gaze. Vertical Strabismus…

Exophoria is a condition in which your eyes drift outward out of your control. It usually appears for a short time while you’re doing certain types of tasks. It’s not…

Hyperphoria is an eye condition where the eye points upwards, but not permanently. It usually occurs when the child is tired, stressed, or has an onset of illness. In the…

What is Phoria? Phoria is a misalignment of the eyes that only appears when binocular viewing is broken and the two eyes are no longer looking at the same object. A…

A. DEPENDING UPON CONSTANCY OF DEVIATION 1. Hyperphoria:- Hyperphoria is a tendency of the eyeball to deviate upwards, while hypophoria is a tendency to deviate downwards. However, in practice, it's…

INTRODUCTION:- Treatment of heterophoria is indicated mainly in patients with decompensated heterophoria (i.e. symptomatic cases). IN ADULTS:- indicated only if the patient is suffering from any symptoms. IN CHILDREN:- if…

Def- Paralytic strabismus refers to an ocular deviation with misalignment of the visual axes of both eyes due to paralysis of one or more of the extraocular muscles(EOM)  in which…

Introduction: Concomitant esotropia is the inward deviation of one eye. It is the most common type of squint in children. It can be unilateral or alternative. Clinico-etiological types of Concomitant…