Test For Tear Film Adequacy
Wolff was the first to describe the structure of the fluid covering the cornea and called it as precorneal film. He described that the tear fim consist of three layers,which…
CONJUNCTIVAL GLANDS AND STRUCTURE
The conjunctiva contains two types of Glands: The mucin secretary glands ( goblet cells, crypts of Henle, glands of Manz ) and the accessory lacrimal glands ( glands of Krause…
Tear Film Dynamics
Tear film Dynamics is a complex process controlled by the various factors, main and accessory lacrimal glands, ocular surface structure (cornea, conjunctiva ,eyelids with meibomian gland) and interconnecting nerves (both…
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE OVERACTION
A bilateral lesion that injures both anterior canal pathways or disinhibits both posterior canal pathways will increase prenuclear innervation to the superior oblique and inferior rectus subnuclei, resulting in a…
DRY EYE
DRY EYE SYNDROME – A dry eye syndrome is said to exist when n the quantity or the quality of the precorneal tear film is insufficient to ensure the well…
MANAGEMENT OF GLAUCOMA
CONGENITAL OR INFANTILE GLAUCOMA:- Medications are not very effective and so treatment of congenital glaucoma is primary surgical. However, IOP must be lowered by medical treatment with hyperosmotic agents, carbonic…
LACRIMAL GLANDS
THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS: The lacrimal apparatus comprises the structures concerned with the formation of tears (the main lacrimal gland and accessory lacrimal glands) and its transport . The lacrimal passage…
CONJUNCTIVA
Conjunctiva is a thin transparent mucous membrane, which lines the posterior surface of the eyelids and anterior surface of eyeball. Conjunctiva is composed of non-keratinized , stratified squamous epithelium with…
Classification of hetrotropia
Heteropia Is a Condition of menifest squint which cannot be overcome by fusional mechanism & may not be present in all direction of gaze. classification of Heteropia : 1) Depending…
Extraocular Muscle
The extraocular Muscle or extrinsic eye muscle are striated and distinguished from the intrinsic eye muscle which are non-striated and responsible for controlling the movement of iris (dillator and sphicnter…